Robert Estienne

Matt Crutchmer asi Bethlehem College and Seminary da assistant professor of theology oina thougal touri.

John Calvingi 1559 da puthokpa ‘Institutes of the Christian Religion’ gi ahanba lamaida Genevada lairik namba migi khudam ama yaori:  kakthattuna tarakpa ugi masa mayamga loinana chorophon pambi utli. Tekkhraba masangsing adu tarakpagi saktam utli, aduga madugi akoibada Noli altum sapere, “Chaothokpa touganu” haiba waheina koisinli. Upambi aduda atoppa masasing thetchinba maphamsingda bandage na yomsillaba saktamsu uba phangi. 

1531 gi ‘Thesaurus Latinæ linguæ’ da yaoba khudam asigi mamanggi saktam amadana sed time haibadi “adubu kijou” haiba waheisu hapchinli. Uda yeklaga namba saktam asida yaoriba nupa adu Romans 11:19–20 gi waheising asibu ikhiba mi, Pakhonchatpa Paul oiba yai. Amuksu, nupa adugi makhong akoibada leiriba nungsing asina, nupa adu Acts 7 da yaoba wapao sandokpa amasung thajabagidamak sikhiba Stephen oibasu yai haina takli. 

Bible ga mari leinaba wakhal anisi punsinba asi yamna maru oi, maramdi khudam asi typographer, lairik namba mi, amasung lousing leiba mee Robert Estienne, nattraga “Robertus Stephanus” kini. Estienne gi punsi amasung mahakki thabaksingda Reformation gi khudam kaya mayek sengna uba phangi.

Ningthougi Typographer

Chahi lising taraga tarukki mayai waida Estienne asi lamdam adugi saknairaba  printer ama oiba khak nattana, mahak asi Bible bu tambiba amasung classical liturature amasuni. Ningthou Francis I na pallingei matamda amasung mahakna Paris ta thabak touringei matamda Estienne asi “Ningthougi Typographer” haina ming thongkhi aduga mahak asi Hebrew amasung Latin gi oina 1539da ningthou ki printer ama oina leikhi, aduga Greek ki oina ningthou gi printer ama oina 1542 thabak toukhi. 

France ningthou na mayek sengna khangee madudi ariba waheibu neinaba pamba meesak asi mahakni haibasi. Estienne na ikhi, “Italy amasung Greece tagi mahakna phangkhiba ariba matamgi ayibasing adu mahak masada thambagi mahutta, maning tamna mee pumnamakta youhanba pamkhi. Mahakna France pu pallingei matamda, Estienne na lon-gi oiba lairik mayamsing semkhi amasung phongkhi: masising asida Greek primer, Latin–French dictionary,, aduga Thesaurus linguæ latinæ ni. Thesaurus linguæ graecæ gi matangda mahak thabak suba houkhi, aduga masina Greek longida yamna mateng pangba aduga Esorgi wahei neinabada yamna mateng pangba ama oikhi, masina 1800 ki matam phaobada leirammi.

Hourakpham da Hanba.

Reformation gi matamda leiramba lairik laisu heirabasing gumna, Estienne-na ariba classical literature pamjaba asina Latin Vulgate-ta handokpa amasung masigi asengba Hebrew amadi Greek-ta leiba Bible-da mityeng thamba asiga chap manana chatminnakhi. Mahakna Hebrew longi Ariba Walepnaba anirak namkhi, aduga mahakna puthokpa Greek ki Anouba Walepnabagi maong kayana Reformation-gi oiba theological thabaksingda achouba ithil pikhi amasung yamna kannakhi. 

Ngasi eikhoigi Bible-singda uriba padasing khaidokpa amasung masing thambagi khwaidagi phaba amasung aroiba thourang asi Estienne-na semkhibani. 1550-gi maming chatlaba Editio Regia asi lousing leiraba, sem saba heiraba, amasung technical skill-gi athoiba mahei amani — masi Estienne-na yengsinbiba manuscript 15-da phangkhiba khetnabasing utnaba maru oiba saruk ama yaoriba ahanba Greek ki Anouba Walepnabani. Claude Garamond-na semba yamna phajaraba Greek mayek yaoba maong asina English londa leiba Geneva Bible-gi yumpham oikhibata nattana, tungda lakkadaba chahi-cha kayada Sastra neinabagi yumphamsu oikhi. 

1550 yourakpada, Estienne-na Paris-ta Latin Vulgate Bible-gi maong kaya ama namkhi, adubu mahakki mahei heiba asina singlup na ayaba piba lairik adudagi mahakpu “maikei anida” pukhi: ahanbada, Sastragi waheising mamut tana khangnaba asengba Bible handokpa lonsingda yengee. Anisubada echam chamba mee amana Bibe bu mayek sengna khangnaba mapung phana amasung mayek sengna pi. Masigi sandokna takpa asigi matengna Bible bu handokpada mateng pangee, (Robert Estienne, Royal Printer, 76–78).

1545 ki maong aduda, mahakna asengba text-singdagi Vulgate-na handokpa ain na yadaba wahei khara hapchinbaga loinana, Greek amasung Hebrew text-singbu Vulgate-ka chap manana chatnaba anouba Latin version amada handoktuna hapchinkhi. Aroibada, lairik asina maram oiraga mahakpu dharma-gi mayokta leiba “Lutheran-gi wakhal” chelli haina chingnarakkhi, aduga 1550 da Estienne-na Paris thadoktuna Geneva da chengkhi. 

Genevagi Lairiksing Phongba Mee

Protestant eehoubu mayek sengna sougatlaba Geneva-da, Estienne-na mahakki press lingkhatkhi amasung Reformation-gi pandamgidamakta khwaidagi athoiba lairik namba mi oirakkhi. Mahakki 1553 da phongkhiba French ki Bible asina reformation da maru oina mitpha thamduna achamba meesingna makhoi makhoigi oiba lon paba phangkhi. Calvin gi Institutes, Commentary sing aduga atei atoppa protestant ki thabaksingbu mahakna namthokkhi aduga masigi matengna chaokhatlakliba eehou asi Esorgi mapalna lamjingbada mateng pangkhi. 

1559 gi Institutes edition adu “Reformation gi matamda Protestant gi tambibagi khwaidagi pak chaoba adu samlapna ibani” (John Calvin-gi ‘Institutes’, 219), aduga 1624 phaobada atoppa lon taruk (nattraga taret) ta handokkhiba asina takpadi masi Reformation-da thokkhiba khwaidagi maru oiba lairikni haibada yaningdaba leite. Laina paba yaba amasung ngasigi matamgi oina yengbadasu yamna phajaraba Estienne-gi edition asina, tara taruk suba chahi-chada Reformationgi singlup sing chaokhatpada achouba thoudang loukhi.