Marguerute de Navarre

(Tanner kay Swanson asi yum pallaba nupi oina, mama ama oina amasug editor ama oina yumdagi thabak surammi. Mahak amasung mahakki mapuroiba, T.J., makhoi punna makhoigi macha nipasingga loinana Colorado gi Denver leibakta leirammi.) 

Chahi chammanga khara henbagi mamangda, Martin Luther na thouna phana lepkhiba aduna maram oiraga Reformation hourakkhi, adubu mahak mathanda oiramde. Reformation asi puwaribu kankhiba, masak khangba amasung khangdaba aphaoba meesinggi ihou amani. Hairiba asigi matangda Here We Stand Resources tagi yengbiba yagani. 

Roman Catholic na chahi lising henna panduna laklaba maramna, tara taruk suba sadabdida France leibakta Protestant singbu yaramde. Kanagumba amana Latin londa iba Bible adugi mayokta wa nganglabadi, mahakpu phaduna wahang tougani. Luther gi nattraga Calvin gi tambiba adubu yarabadi, meeoi adu lanna tambibani haina haigani. Pope ki maru oiba chatnabising adu yadrabadi, amamba keisumsangda phaduna thamgani, nattraga hatpaphaoba yai. France ki ningthou aduna — Reform oiribi machan nupina mangonda yetri phaoba Roman Catholic ki chatnabi adu leibak sinba thungna chatnahanba pammi.

Pabada Khudong Thiningai Oiba

Francis I ningthougi (r. 1515-1547) machin manaogi marakta, Marguerite de Navarre asina ningthougi machan oina echam chamna leiba khakta nattana, mangonda ningthougi pham yabagi changda mahei masing tamlammi. 

Mahei masing ningthina heirabi, makhoigi mama, Luise de Savoy na lairiksingda nattraga mahei masingda amatta khaktana mahakki machasing adubu tamhallammi. Louise na ehan hanna Marguerite pu Erasmus ta masak takkhi, mahak asi bible gi marida yanadaba thokpasing leiribani, amasung Erasmus ki Christian humanism gi mapalna Greek londa iba asengba Anouba Walepnaba adu khangba ngamlakkhi. 

Marguerite asi sok 1509 da haina singnaduna luhonglammi, mahakna luhonglakpa matamda mapuroibaga matam sangna lenminnaba phangdaba maramna, mahakki mapuroibagi leiriba lairiksing adu ningtamna sijinnabaga loinana, mangonda matam yamna ama leirammi. (Alencon gi Ningthou oiriba mapuroiba Charles na mahakki yumdagi lapna leiduna sadanba chatlammi.) Aduna, mahakki ming hongjarabasu, mahakki apambadi honglamde. Mahakki matam ayamba adu Alencon da, lairiksing khomjinduna, seireng iba misingga chak chaminnaduna, Reformer singga wari sannaduna, amasung lairabasingbu seba touduna lellammi. 

Sok 1515 da mahakki manao nipa adu France leibakki ningthou oirakpa matamda, Marguerite asi Catholic ki saknairaba ama oina khangnaba aduna “khudung thiningai oiba” Protestant gi thabaksing, maru oina Martin Luther gi lairiksing pabada apanbadi oihallamde. Luther na Theses moudra-manga phongduna Germany leibakta khanghankhiba chahi adumaktada, mahakna hairiba Theses adu France ki londa handoknaba hairammi. Mahakna iribasing adu Marguerite na maromdom punjabi adu chummi haiba taklammi: madudi Esorgi Wahei amasung Khristagi thabak, ngakpibagi maong amasung kanbiba thajabagi thabak asini — mahakna neinariba khudingmaksing aduga Catholic Church amasung Latin da handokpa bible aduga amatta chanaramde. 

Nollukpa Thawai

Pope Leo X na Martin Luther bu sok 1521 da tanthokkhiba matamda, Marguerite na thawai nungairamde. Mahakna singluppu nungsirammi, adubu karigidamak mahakna ikai khumnaba, Sastradagi tambi haina khanba luchingbasing amasung professor singbu makhoina yengthiribano? 

Chamamnaba leiringei marak aduda Marguerite na wakhal mannaba Meaux gi messing, haibadi France leibakta leiba Reformation gi tambibasing, maru oina thajaba khakki mapalna chumhanbiba amasung sola Scriptura asibu thajaba meesingdagi paotak hanglammi. Asigumba Thajabasing asida paotak hangba asina, France leibakki dharmagi oiba amasung samajki thaksing yamna panggal leiba oirabasu, kihallabasu, oiningba thak amahekta oiba adudagi henna, Marguerite mahak masana Esorgi achumba amasung Thawaigi chingbiba aduda haiba ille haibadu sakhi oire.

Masi pumnamak asi khangduna, Marguerite na masamakki matik adu sijinnarammi. Mahakna mahakki matik adu Catholic Church manungda mahakki thajaba adu thabak oina touba yanaba sijinnaba khakta nattana, France leibakta leiriba thajaba yaba, ngakpinaba leitraba Protestant bu ngakthokpada sijinnarammi. 

Panggal gi Panggal

Franch ki ningthouna Marguerite asi emunggi maridagi henna khallammi — mahakpu nungsibirammi, mahakpu wangna thanggatpirammi. Protestant bu sougatpa maramna meesingna Marguerite ki mayokta wakatlaklabasu Francis ningthouna thouwoibidana asumna hairammi, “Karigumba nakhoina hairiba adu chumlabasu, mahakpu cheirak pigadaba adudagi eihakna mahakpu adukki matik yamna nungsi” (Reformation Women, 30). 

Francis na Marguerite pu ngakthokpiba adudagi henna yamna toubirammi. Reformed gi tambibasing adubu atoppa phamnaibasingna thajahanbaga loinana, mahakpu Catholic ki athoiba sanglen aduda Khristagi maramda phongna nganghallammi. Hairiba phamnaibasing asi makhoina nouna pukning hongduna thajarakpagidamak keisumsangda thamlabasu, Marguerite na makhoigi mahut sinduna thadokpinaba haijarammi. Mahakki ningthou oiriba manao nipa aduna mahakki haijaba adu yabiduna atoppa phamnaibasingsu thadokpirammi.

Sok 1527 da, mahak “maharani” oirammi. Mahakki ahanba mapuroiba adu lanphamda sirammi, mahakna Navarre gi Ningthou Henry d’Albert ta luhonglammi, hairiba lam asi Spain amasung France leibakki marakta ching yamna leiba lam amani. Marguerite na Paris kidamak Navarre ki konung oiriba Nerac thadokkhiba matamda, mahakki hannagi leibak aduda matik yamna leiramde. Adubu Navarre gi maharani ama oina, mahakna changjapham pinabagi matik amadi phanglammi: asylum (changjapham) pinabagi matik. 

Mahakki anouba mapuroiba adu Catholic ta hakchinna thajaba oirabasu, mahakki anouba ningthou leibak adudi atoppa dharmasing chatpada ayaba pirammi. Marguerite na Nerac asi dharmagi maramgidamak ot-neiraba meesinggi changjapham oihallammi. Maming leiraba John Calvin na khudong thiba taraba matamdasu Marguerite na mahakpu ngak senduna thambirammi. 

Atoppabu Ithil Piba Maharani

Marguerite na mahakpu ngakthokchabagi matik amasung ningkha tamna wa ngangbagi hak adu apanba leitana sijinnarammi, matamna asum chatkhibana, mahakki matik adu sok 1534 gi matungda hantharaklammi. Angakpa thoudok ama oina khangnariba Affair of the Placards aduda, protestant singna lonna France ki leibak apumbada che thetlammi, aduga yamna nungaitaba maongda Ningthou Francis ki tumpham kagi thongjindasu thetlammi. Masina ningthoubu apangba tahanba oina khallammi amasung adukki matik saorammi, ningthouna Protestant singgi mayokta akanba cheiraksing pinaba ayaba pirammi. Ningthouna mahakki macheda leiba nungsiba adudagi asaoba aduna hellammi, amasung mahakki chephongsing namliba, Antoine Augereau bu mahakki thajaba adugidamak thouri yanduna hatlammi. 

Marguerite na Reformed gi matangda thajaba adu mahakna ahal oirakpagi maramna tapna-tapna hantharakpa oiramba yai. Calvin na mayamgi mamangda Marguetrite na thajaba meesinggi maramda phongna ngangkhiba matungdagi, Calvin ga leinaba mari adu thadatlammi. Marguerite na ngallingei matamda irambasing adu Catholic ki chatnabigi mayokta oiramlabasu, konnathangda mahakna Catholic ki chatnabida yaosinduna mahakna St. Martin gidamak sinba achouba chaklen aduda yaorammi. Mahakna Catholic gi chatnabising adubu sougatlibra nattraga ningthou oiriba manao nipa aduga ingthana leinaba hotnaribra? Mahakki wakhallon asi eikhoina bhap taba ngamde. 

Eikhoina Marguerite de Navarre gi maramda mayek sengna khangba adudi Esorgi Wahei meesingda youhanba, Khristabu wangna thanggatpa, Mahakki singlup amatta oina punsinba asini. Mahakna sidringei mamangda, Marguerite na yamna chaona asha toujarammi madudi mahakki amakhakta pokchaba macha adu chaoraklaba matungda aphaoba mee oiba asini.

Eihakna thajei madudi, Esorna eingonda toubikhraba thabak adu makha tana toubada mateng pangbigani, amasung mahakna touba ngamdabasing adu mahakki macha nupi aduna tourakkani haiba thajei. (Reformation Women, 39) 

Navarre gi Maharani oirakkadouriba amasung France leibakki Reformation bu ngak selliba thouna leiraba, Jeanne d’ Albert ta, ngak-senbiba Maharani haina khangnariba Marguerite ki thabak adu Esorna makha chatthaduna touhanbirammi.